Ion batteries are a very complex system that includes different types of electrode materials, each with different performance characteristics. The cathode materials that have been commercialized include Lithium iron phosphate, lithium cobalate, lithium manganate, nickel cobalt manganese ternary materials and nickel cobalt aluminum ternary materials. When different manufacturers use five types of positive electrode materials, they will match them with different negative electrode materials to achieve special performance. Some manufacturers will mix different positive electrode materials, hoping that different materials can complement each other's advantages to improve the overall performance of the battery cell.
Lithium iron phosphate is a common cathode material for automotive power lithium-ion batteries. Compared with other electrode materials containing nonferrous metals, Lithium iron phosphate has rich raw material resources and low price, which is suitable for large-scale application. High power is also suitable for practical applications due to its ability to charge quickly and provide good power for cars. Another main reason is that the statement that Lithium iron phosphate is regarded as a "safe" battery is not accurate, because all lithium ion batteries have similar Thermal runaway process, but the temperature that can be reached by Thermal runaway is different. However, it should be recognized that among all lithium ion batteries, Lithium iron phosphate ion batteries have a good tolerance for overcharge, high temperature and other abuse conditions. However, the energy density of Lithium iron phosphate is low and the driving range of the vehicle is limited, which is the main disadvantage of the application of Lithium iron phosphate ion battery in the field of pure electric vehicles.
With the increasing demand for battery energy density in electric vehicles, ternary positive electrode materials are gradually receiving attention. The battery cell with ternary materials as the positive electrode and graphite as the negative electrode has a discharge voltage range of approximately 3.6-3.8V. In current commercial batteries, the energy density is relatively high, with a specific energy of 140-18Whkg. Some manufacturers' products can reach 200Wh/kg. Lithium cobalt ion batteries are currently mainly used in portable electronic products, such as mobile phones, cameras, laptops, etc. Although lithium cobalt oxide has high energy density and cycle life, its thermal safety is poor. When the temperature is higher than 130 ℃, the cell will experience Thermal runaway, while the Thermal runaway threshold temperature of other battery systems is relatively higher. Because of this, lithium cobalate is often found in small Consumer electronics and rarely used in large energy applications. Some manufacturers even absolutely prohibit the use of lithium cobalate in electric vehicles.
The lithium-ion battery with nickel cobalt aluminum ternary material as the positive electrode has the highest specific energy among all lithium-ion batteries, commonly used in mobile power sources. Its application in the field of electric vehicles has been controversial due to its high cost, but the main issue is its lower safety. Lithium manganese oxide positive electrode material has the characteristics of low cost, good safety, and high power, but its cycle life is relatively short, Especially, the high-temperature lifespan is difficult to meet the needs of power batteries, so the current application is relatively limited.
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